声音处理外文翻译资料

 2022-08-17 14:31:23

Introduction to

Sound Processing

Preface

What you have in your hands, or on your screen, is an introductory book on sound processing. By reading this book, you may expect to acquire some knowledge on the mathematical, algorithmic, and computational tools that I consider to be important in order to become proficient sound designers or manipulators.

The book is targeted at both science- and art-oriented readers, even though the latter may find it hard if they are not familiar with calculus. For this purpose an appendix of mathematical fundamentals has been prepared in such a way that the book becomes self contained. Of course, the mathematical appendix is not intended to be a substitute of a thorough mathematical preparation, but rather as a shortcut for those readers that are more eager to understand the applications.

Indeed, this book was conceived in 1997, when I was called to teach introductory audio signal processing in the course “Specialisti in Informatica Musicale” organized by the Centro Tempo Reale in Firenze. In that class, the majority of the students were excellent (no kidding, really superb!) music composers. Only two students had a scientific background (indeed, a really strong scientific background!). The task of introducing this audience to filters and trasforms was so challenging for me that I started planning the lectures and laboratory material much earlier and in a structured form. This was the initial form of this book. The course turned out to be an exciting experience for me and, based on the music and the research material that I heard from them afterward, I have the impression that the students also made good use of it.

After the course in Firenze, I expanded and improved the book during four editions of my course on sound processing for computer science students at the University of Verona. The mathematical background of these students is different from that of typical electrical engineering students, as it is stronger in discrete mathematics and algebra, and with not much familiarity with advancedand applied calculus. Therefore, the books presents the basics of signals, systems, and transforms in a way that can be immediately used in applications and experienced in computer laboratory sessions.

This is a free book, thus meaning that it was written using free software tools, and it is freely downloadable, modifiable, and distributable in electronic or printed form, provided that the enclosed license and link to its original web location are included in any derivative distribution. The book web site also contains the source codes listed in the book, and other auxiliary software modules.

I encourage additions that may be useful to the reader. For instance, it would be nice to have each chapter ended by a section that collects annotations, solutions to the problems that I proposed in footnotes, and other problems or exercises. Feel free to exploit the open nature of this book to propose your additional contents.

Chapter 1

Systems, Sampling and Quantization

1.1 Continuous-Time Systems

Sound is usually considered as a mono-dimensional signal (i.e., a function of time) representing the air pressure in the ear canal. For the purpose of this book, a Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) System is defined as any algorithm or device that takes a signal in input and produces a signal in output. Most of our discussion will regard linear systems, that can be defined as those systems for which the superposition principle holds:

Superposition Principle : if y1 and y2 are the responses to the input sequences x1 and x2, respectively, then the input ax1 bx2 produces the response ay1 by2.

The superposition principle allows us to study the behavior of a linear system starting from test signals such as impulses or sinusoids, and obtaining the responses to complicated signals by weighted sums of the basic responses.

A linear system is said to be linear time-invariant (LTI), if a time shift in the input results in the same time shift in the output or, in other words, if it does not change its behavior in time.

Any continuous-time LTI system can be described by a differential equation. The Laplace transform, defined in appendix A.8.1 is a mathematical tool that is used to analyze continuous-time LTI systems, since it allows to transform complicated differential equations into ratios of polynomials of a complex

variable s. Such ratio of polynomials is called the transfer function of the LTI system.

Example 1. Consider the LTI system having as input and output the functions of time (i.e., the signals) x(t) and y(t), respectively, and described by the differential equation

(1)

This equation, transformed into the Laplace domain according to the rules of appendix A.8.1, becomes

sYL(s) minus; s0YL(s) = XL(s) . (2)

Here, as in most of the book, we implicitly assume that the initial conditions are zero, otherwise eq. (2) should also contain a term in y(0). From the algebraic equation (2) the transfer function is derived as the ratio between the output and input transforms:

. (3)

###

The coefficient s0, root of the denominator polynomial of (3), is called the pole of the transfer function (or pole of the system). Any root of the numerator would be called a zero of the system.

The inverse Laplace transform of the transfer function is an equivalent description of the syst

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附录A 译文

前言

在你的手中,或者在你的屏幕上,是一本关于声音处理入门的书。通过阅读本书,你可能渴望获得一些在数学,算法,和计算工具上的知识,而我觉得这些对成为一名精通音响的设计师或机械师是非常必要的。

这本书同时针对科学型和艺术型的读者,尽管后者也许会发现他们因为不熟悉微积分而很难真正理解这本书。为了这个目的,这本书以自给自足的形式准备了数学基本原理附录。当然,数学附录并不打算代替一套彻底的数学准备,而是作为一种快捷方式,提供给那些急切地想要了解其应用的读者们。

事实上,这本书构思于1997年。当时我在佛罗伦萨教授由森特罗坦波皇宫组织的课程,名为“信息音乐剧专家”。我主要讲解音频信号处理的入门技术。在课堂里的大部分的学生都是非常优秀的(不是跟你开玩笑,他们是非常卓越的!)音乐制作人。其中只有两个学生有相关的科学背景(实际上是很强大的学科背景!)。对我来说,这个让观众对滤波器和变换器有所了解的任务是极具挑战性的,以至于我很早就开始以一种较为有结构的形式,准备着讲稿和实验室材料。这就是这本书最初的原型。那次课程最终成为了我一个令人振奋的经历,基于我之后听到的他们的音乐和研究材料,我记得这些学生也学会了很好地运用它了。

经历了佛罗伦萨的授课以后,我在为维罗纳大学的计算机科学专业的学生教授声音加工课程时,相继在四个版本中扩大和改进了这本书。这些学生的数学背景不同于典型的电气工程专业的学生,它们在离散数学和代数方面很强大,但在高等和应用微积分方面则不太熟悉。因此,本书以一种你可以立即将其付诸应用和在计算机实验课的体验到的方式,介绍信号,系统和变换的基础知识。

这是一本免费的书,这就意味着它是用免费的软件工具写成的,它可以以电子和印刷形式免费下载,修改,和分发。这本书的网站还提供书中列出的源代码,以及其他辅助软件模块。

我鼓励对读者有帮助的添加。比如这个例子:在每章的最后一节收集一下注释,我在注脚中所提问题的解决方法,以及其他的问题或练习。尽情利用本书的开放性,提出你要补充的内容。

大卫·罗西索 2003年10月7日 威尼斯

第1章系统,采样和量化

1.1连续时间系统

声音通常被认为是作为一个单维的信号(即,函数时间),代表耳道内的空气压力。因为这本书,一个单输入单输出(SISO)系统被定义为任何算法或装置把信号输入和产生输出信号。我们大多数的讨论关注的是线性系统,即定义为那些适用于叠加原理的系统。:

叠加原理:如果Y1和Y2是响应输入—结果X1、X2,分别,然后输入轴ax1 bx2生产响应方式ay1 by2。

叠加原理可以让我们通过测试信号研究一个线性系统的行为,如脉冲或正弦曲线,并获得通过对基本反应加权和复杂信号的反应。线性系统是线性时不变(LTI),如果输入时发生时间移位,那么输出时也同时发生时间移位,换句话说,就好比它不会及时改变其行为。

任何连续时间LTI系统都可以用微分方程描述。拉氏变换,相关定义在附录A.8.1一是一种用于研究连续时间LTI系统的数学工具,因为它可以将复杂的微分方程转化成复变多项式比率,这样的比多项式称LTI系统的传递函数。

例1。考虑线性时不变系统具有输入和输出的时间的函数(即,分别是信号x(t))和Y(t),由下列微分方程描述:

-S0y = X (1)

这个方程,根据附录A.8.1,的规则转化为拉普拉斯域,变得:

sYl(s)-SY(s)= X(S) (2)

在这里,在这本书的大部分内容,我们假设初始条件零,否则方程式(2)也应该包含一个y(0)的情况。从代数方程(2)推导了相应的传递函数之间的产出比和输入变换:

H(s)= (3)

系数S0,分母多项式的根(3),被称为传递函数的极点(或系统的极点)。任何根分子将被称为这个系统的零。

传递函数的逆拉普拉斯变换也是对一个系统对等的描述。在本例中1.1,它采取以下的形式:

es0t tge;0

h(t) ={

0 t lt; 0 , (4)

这样的函数称为因果指数。

一般来说,函数h(t),传递函数的逆转换,即是系统的脉冲响应,因为它是作为一种理想脉冲的响应的系统输出

一个线性系统的等价描述在时间域(脉冲响应)和拉普拉斯域(传递函数)对应表示操作系统执行两种可供选择的方式,为了从输入信号中获得输出信号。在拉氏域描述导致简单的乘法之间的输入和系统传递函数的拉普拉斯变换:

Y(s)= H(s)X(S) (5)

此操作可以被解释为在频域中的乘法,如果复杂变量s由J替换,在实变傅里叶域。换句话说,通过从复杂平面到虚轴限制变量s得到了频率解释(5)。这个传递函数,其域被限制为j,称为频率响应。如果我们想象输入信号是一个复杂的正弦曲线JT,那么频率解释就变得很直观了。它所有的能量集中在频率0(换句话说,我们有一个单一的谱线0)。在点J0的频率响应的复值(幅度和相位),对应于一个在此频率下共同的大小缩放和正弦相移。

在时间域描述导致卷积操作,它的定义是as

Y(t)=(h*x)(t)=h(t-r)x(r)dr (6)

为了获得来自一个线性系统的信号,需要提供足够的输入信号和脉冲之间的卷积算子响应。

1.2采样定理

为了利用数字计算机进行任何形式的处理,信号必须降低到一个离散时间域的离散样本。将一个信号从连续时间的离散时间的操作称为采样。通过拾取连续时间的值执行一个数倍于量T的时间信号,称为采样区间。量FS= 1 / T称为采样率。

一个详细的采样理论的介绍,将花费太多的空间,阅读这本书的读者也很容易感到无聊。更广泛的处理中包含更多优秀的书籍,一应俱全,从更严格的[ 66,65 ]为了更实用[ 67 ]。幸运的是,这个理论的核心能归纳出一些规则,可以从容易理解信号与系统的频域解释。

第一条规则是离散变量表示的频率相关—由傅里叶变换的装置简化,定义在附录A8.3,作为Z变换的特殊形式:

规则1.1 离散变量函数的傅里叶变换是一个周期为2的连续变量函数w。

第二规则允许对采样信号的函数的离散变量:

规则1.2采集一个连续时间信号x(t),再采集一个区间T,得出了一个关于离散变量n的函数^x(n)= X(NT)。

如果我们把一个信号的傅里叶变换对应的频谱,采样的基本规则是这样的:

规则1.3连续时间信号的采样率F S产生一个离散时间信号的频谱,是一个原始信号频谱的周期性复制,复制周期为FS。对离散变量函数的傅里叶变量w转换为频率变量—F(in Hz)通过如下公式:

= 2Ft= (7)

1显示了一个信号的采样频率谱,依据采样率FS。在这个例子中,连续时间信号

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