英文原文资料:
The Description of MCU
MCU Description
SCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller Unit), commonly used letters of the acronym MCU MCU that it was first used in industrial control. Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. INTELs Z80 is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors have parted ways.
Are 8-bit microcontroller early or 4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now is still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, because the cost is not satisfactory but have not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market. The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performance have been the rapid increase capacity increase compared to 80 the number of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clocked over 300MHz, the performance catching the mid-90s dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollars, the most high-end [1] model only 10 dollars. Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the development and use of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld computers and cell phones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems.
SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM is the worlds largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal computer will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 SCM, complex industrial control systems may even have hundreds of SCM in the same time work! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other computing the sum, or even more than the number of human beings
Single chip, also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip. Equivalent to a micro-computer, and computer than just the lack of a microcontroller I / O devices. General talk: a chip becomes a computer. Its small size, light weight, cheap, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. At the same time, learning to use the MCU is to understand the principle and structure of the computer the best choice.
SCM and the computer functions internally with similar modules, such as CPU, memory, parallel bus, the same effect as well, and hard disk memory devices, and different is its performance of these components were relatively weak many of our home computer, but the price is low , usually not more than 10 yuan you can do with it ...... some control for a class is not very complicated electrical work is enough of. We are using automatic drum washing machine, smoke hood, VCD and so on appliances which could see its shadow! ...... It is primarily as a control section of the core components
It is an online real-time control computer, control-line is that the scene is needed is a stronger anti-jamming ability, low cost, and this is, and off-line computer (such as home PC), the main difference.
SCM history
SCM was born in the late 20th century, 70, experienced SCM, MCU, SoC three stages.
First model
1.SCM the single chip microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) stage, mainly seeking the best of the best single form of embedded systems architecture. 'Innovation model' success, laying the SCM and general computer completely different path of development. In the open road of independent development of embedded systems, Intel Corporation contributed.
2.MCU the micro-controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main direction of technology development: expanding to meet the embedded applications, the target system requirements for the various peripheral circuits and interface circuits, highlight the object of intelligent control. It involves the areas associated with the object system, therefore, the development of MCUs responsibility inevitably falls on electrical, electronics manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel faded MCU development has its objective factors. In the development of MCU, the most famous manufacturers as the number of Philips Corporation.
Philips company in embedded applications, its great advantage, the MCS-51 single-chip micro-computer from the rapid development of the micro-controller. Therefore, when we look back at the path of development of embedded systems, do not forget Intel and Philips in History.
Embedded Systems
Embedded system microcontroller is an independent development path, the MCU important factor in the development stage, is seeking applications to maximize the solution on the chip; Therefore, the development of dedicated single chip SoC trend of the natural form. As the microelectronics, IC design, EDA tools development,
剩余内容已隐藏,支付完成后下载完整资料
中文翻译:
单片机的概述
单片机介绍
单片机也被称为微控制器(Microcontroller Unit),常用英文字母的缩写MCU表示单片机,它最早是被用在工业控制领域。单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中,使计算机系统更小,更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器,从此以后,单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。
早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031,因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。此后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。随着工业控制领域要求的提高,开始出现了16位单片机,但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展,单片机技术得到了巨大提高。随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用,32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位,并且进入主流市场。而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高,处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。目前,高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz,性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器,而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元,最高端[1]的型号也只有10美元。当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用,大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。
单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统,因此它得到了最多的应用。事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。汽车上一般配备40多部单片机,复杂的工业控制系统上甚至可能有数百台单片机在同时工作!单片机的数量不仅远超过PC机和其他计算的总和,甚至比人类的数量还要多。
单片机又称单片微控制器,它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片,而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。相当于一个微型的计算机,和计算机相比,单片机只缺少了I/O设备。概括的讲:一块芯片就成了一台计算机。它的体积小、质量轻、价格便宜、为学习、应用和开发提供了便利条件。同时,学习使用单片机是了解计算机原理与结构的最佳选择。
单片机内部也用和电脑功能类似的模块,比如CPU,内存,并行总线,还有和硬盘作用相同的存储器件,不同的是它的这些部件性能都相对我们的家用电脑弱很多,不过价钱也是低的,一般不超过10元即可......用它来做一些控制电器一类不是很复杂的工作足矣了。我们现在用的全自动滚筒洗衣机、排烟罩、VCD等等的家电里面都可以看到它的身影!......它主要是作为控制部分的核心部件。
它是一种在线式实时控制计算机,在线式就是现场控制,需要的是有较强的抗干扰能力,较低的成本,这也是和离线式计算机的(比如家用PC)的主要区别。
单片机历史
单片机诞生于20世纪70年代末,经历了SCM、MCU、SoC三大阶段。
起初模型
1.SCM即单片微型计算机(Single Chip Microcomputer)阶段,主要是寻求最佳的单片形态嵌入式系统的最佳体系结构。“创新模式”获得成功,奠定了SCM与通用计算机完全不同的发展道路。在开创嵌入式系统独立发展道路上,Intel公司功不可没。
2.MCU即微控制器(Micro Controller Unit)阶段,主要的技术发展方向是:不断扩展满足嵌入式应用时,对象系统要求的各种外围电路与接口电路,突显其对象的智能化控制能力。它所涉及的领域都与对象系统相关,因此,发展MCU的重任不可避免地落在电气、电子技术厂家。从这一角度来看,Intel逐渐淡出MCU的发展也有其客观因素。在发展MCU方面,最著名的厂家当数Philips公司。
Philips公司以其在嵌入式应用方面的巨大优势,将MCS-51从单片微型计算机迅速发展到微控制器。因此,当我们回顾嵌入式系统发展道路时,不要忘记Intel和Philips的历史功绩。
嵌入式系统
单片机是嵌入式系统的独立发展之路,向MCU阶段发展的重要因素,就是寻求应用系统在芯片上的最大化解决;因此,专用单片机的发展自然形成了SoC化趋势。随着微电子技术、IC设计、EDA工具的发展,基于SoC的单片机应用系统设计会有较大的发展。因此,对单片机的理解可以从单片微型计算机、单片微控制器延伸到单片应用系统。
单片机的应用领域
目前单片机渗透到我们生活的各个领域,几乎很难找到哪个领域没有单片机的踪迹。导弹的导航装置,飞机上各种仪表的控制,计算机的网络通讯与数据传输,工业自动化过程的实时控制和数据处理,广泛使用的各种智能IC卡,民用豪华轿车的安全保障系统,录像机、摄像机、全自动洗衣机的控制,以及程控玩具、电子宠物等等,这些都离不开单片机。更不用说自动控制领域的机器人、智能仪表、医疗器械了。因此,单片机的学习、开发与应用将造就一批计算机应用与智能化控制的科学家、工程师。
下面以AT89S52单片机为例,对单片机作进一步的描述:
AT89S51单片机
主要性能
bull; 与MCS-51单片机产品兼容
bull; 8K字节在系统可编程Flash存储器
bull; 1000次擦写周期
bull; 全静态操作:0Hz~33Hz
bull; 三级加密程序存储器
bull; 32个可编程I/O口线
bull; 三个16位定时器/计数器
bull; 八个中断源
bull; 全双工UART串行通道
bull; 低功耗空闲和掉电模式
bull; 掉电后中断可唤醒
bull; 看门狗定时器
bull; 双数据指针
bull; 掉电标识符
1.功能特征描述
AT89S52是一种低功耗、高性能CMOS8位微控制器,具有8K 在系统可编程Flash 存储器。使用Atmel 公司高密度非易失性存储器技术制造,与工业80C51 产品指令和引脚完全兼容。片上Flash允许程序存储器在系统可编程,亦适于常规编程器。在单芯片上,拥有灵巧的8 位CPU 和在系统可编程Flash,使得AT89S52为众多嵌入式控制应用系统提供高灵活、超有效的解决方案。AT89S52具有以下标准功能: 8k字节Flash,256字节RAM,32 位I/O 口线,看门狗定时器,2 个数据指针,三个16 位定时器/计数器,一个6向量2级中断结构,全双工串行口,片内晶振及时钟电路。另外,AT89S52 可降至0Hz 静态逻辑操作,支持2种软件可选择节电模式。空闲模式下,CPU停止工作,允许RAM、定时器/计数器、串口、中断继续工作。掉电保护方式下,RAM内容被保存,振荡器被冻结,单片机一切工作停止,直到下一个中断或硬件复位为止。
2.引脚功能
VCC :电源
GND: 接地
P0口: P0口是一个8位漏极开路的双向I/O口。作为输出口,每位能驱动8个TTL逻辑电平。对P0端口写“1”时,引脚用作高阻抗输入。当访问外部程序和数据存储器时,P0口也被作为低8位地址/数据复用。在这种模式下,P0具有内部上拉电阻。在flash编程时,P0口也用来接收指令字节;在程序校验时,输出指令字节。程序校验时,需要外部上拉电阻。
P1口:P1 口是一个具有内部上拉电阻的8 位双向I/O 口,p1 输出缓冲器能驱动4 个TTL 逻辑电平。对P1 端口写“1”时,内部上拉电阻把端口拉高,此时可以作为输入口使用。作为输入使用时,被外部拉低的引脚由于内部电阻的原因,将输出电流(IIL)。此外,P1.0和P1.2分别作定时器/计数器2的外部计数输入(P1.0/T2)和时器/计数器2的触发输入(P1.1/T2EX),具体如下表所示。在flash编程和校验时,P1口接收低8位地址字节。
表1
引脚号 |
第二功能 |
P1.0 |
T2(定时器/计数器T2的外部计数输入),时钟输出 |
P1.1 |
T2EX(定时器/计数器T2的捕捉/重载触发信号和方向控制) |
P1.5 |
MOSI(在系统编程用) |
P1.6 |
MISO(在系统编程用) |
P1.7 |
SCK(在系统编程用) |
P2口:P2 口是一个具有内部上拉电阻的8 位双向I/O 口,P2 输出缓冲器能驱动4 个TTL 逻辑电平。对P2 端口写“1”时,内部上拉电阻把端口拉高,此时可以作为输入口使用。作为输入使用时,被外部拉低的引脚由于内部电阻的原因,将输出电(IIL)。在访问外部程序存储器或用16位地址读取外部数据存储器(例如执行MOVX @DPTR)时,P2 口送出高八位地址。在这种应用中,P2 口使用很强的内部上拉发送1。在使用8位地址(如MOVX @RI)访问外部数据存储器时,P2口输出P2锁存器的内容。在flash编程和校验时,P2口也接收高8位地址字节和一些控制信号。
P3口:P3 口是一个有内部上拉电阻的8 位双向I/O 口,p2 输出缓冲器能驱动4 个TTL 逻辑电平。对P3 端口写“1”时,内部上拉电阻把端口拉高,此时可以作为输入口使用。作为输入使用时,被外部拉低的引脚由于内部电阻的原因,将输出电流(IIL)。P3口亦作为AT89S52特殊功能(第二功能)使用,如下表所示。在flash编程和校验时,P3口也接收一些控制信号。
表2
引脚号 |
第二功能 |
P3.0 |
RXD(串行输入) |
P3.1 |
TXD(串行输出) |
P3.2 |
(外部中断0 剩余内容已隐藏,支付完成后下载完整资料 资料编号:[505459],资料为PDF文档或Word文档,PDF文档可免费转换为Word |
以上是毕业论文外文翻译,课题毕业论文、任务书、文献综述、开题报告、程序设计、图纸设计等资料可联系客服协助查找。